DNA

= **DNA**  =


 Primary function is to store and transmit the genetic information that tells cells which proteins to make and when to make them.




 * //Structure//** 

  >   **//Other important Facts//**  
 * DNA has a double-stranded helix
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"><span style="color: #ef0b0b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> C onsists of two polynucleotide strands wrapped around each other in a double helix
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"><span style="color: #ef0b0b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">DNA has four kinds of nitrogenous bases: <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine   <span style="color: #ef0b0b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> <span style="color: #ef0b0b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">Hydrogen bonds between bases h <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">old the strands together
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> <span style="color: #ef0b0b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">Each base pairs with a complementary partner <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">A with T (joined by 2 hydrogen bonds), and G with C (joined by 3 hydrogen bonds)
 * //Discovery//**[[image:Crick_and_watson.jpg width="320" height="213" align="right"]]
 * <span style="color: #0020ff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">First discrovered the double helix structure by James Watson and Francis Crick
 * <span style="color: #0020ff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fun Fact! Francis Crick and James Watson were on LSD when they saw the double stranded helix
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"><span style="color: #0020ff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Worked out the three-dimensional structure of DNA, based on work of Rosalind Franklin
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> Both DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides and are nucleic acids
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> Sugar Molecule - deoxyribose (DNA)
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> Phosphate Group - phosphorous (P) and oxygen (O)
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> Nitrogen Base - A, C, G, T (DNA)
 * //DNA Replication//** <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> [[image:DNA-replication.jpg width="301" height="400" align="right"]]
 * <span style="color: #27ec3b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Starts with the separation of DNA strands
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"><span style="color: #27ec3b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Then enzymes use each strand as a template
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"><span style="color: #27ec3b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">DNA Helicase: unwind the helix, breaking the weak hydrogen bonds
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"><span style="color: #27ec3b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">DNA Primase: mark the start point fro DNa replication
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"><span style="color: #27ec3b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">DNA Polymerase: build the new strand
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"><span style="color: #27ec3b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">DNA Ligase: make sure the pieces on the second strand are held together tightly
 * <span style="color: #27ec3b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">Assemble new nucleotides into complementary strands <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> <span style="color: #27ec3b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">Because some of the helical DNA molecule must untwist e <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">ach, strand of the double helix i <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">s oriented in the opposite direction
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">[|DNA Replication Animation]