Life+Molecules

**//__L i f e Molecules__//**

The 4 Molecules of Life

←Carbohydrate, Protein, Lipids, Nucleic Acid→

Carbohydrates

 * Function--provide the body with energy
 * Fuel for the cells
 * Monosaccaride
 * monomer-1 molecule (simple)
 * (simple sugars)- contain C,H, and O in a 1:2:1
 *  most common- Frutose (sweetest), galactose (milk), and glucose (fuel for cells)
 * isomer- same chemical formula but different structural formula
 * Dissaccaride
 * <span style="font-size: 130%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"> <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">when two monosaccharides combine in condensation reaction to form double sugar
 * <span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"><span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"><span style="font-size: 130%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"> <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">Fructose+glucose= sucrose (table sugar)
 * <span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"><span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"><span style="font-size: 130%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"> <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"> condensation/dehydration: link smaller molecule together to make a larger molecule
 * <span style="font-size: 130%; color: #832525; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">Polysaccaride
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">complex molecule composed of 3 or more monosaccharides
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">1). Glycogen consists of hundreds of glucose molecules!
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">2). STARCH...plant cell walls= Starch
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">polymer ex) starch, glycogen, cellucose
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;">3). Hydrolysis- water is added to break a polymer into a monomer


 * <span style="font-size: 130%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Polymer that is made up from 20 different monomers. Proteins are the primary component of numerous <span style="font-size: 130%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">body tissues.
 * <span style="font-size: 130%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"> Function--help build muscle mass
 * <span style="font-size: 130%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">  ex) fish, meats, eggs, nuts
 * <span style="font-size: 130%; color: #222463; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">a). Amino Acids
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Function-building blocks of protein
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">structure- contains functional groups- carboxyl **(COOH) and** Amino **(NH2)**
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Pepetide Bond- the covalent bond that forms when two amino acids are linked together (Dehydration reaction)
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">The shape of a protein is crucial
 * <span style="font-size: 130%; color: #2c2f6d; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">b). Enzymes
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Function- increase the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy (amount of energy needed to start a rxn)
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">role- Act as catalysts- speed up chemical reactions without being consumed

<span style="font-size: 150%; color: #19a41d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lipids
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-size: 150%; color: #e029b6; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; color: #264a29; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, sans-serif;">**Function- builds cell membrane**
 * **<span style="font-size: 10pt; background: white; color: #cccc00; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-size: 120%; color: #264a29; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, sans-serif;">a). Fatty Acids **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, sans-serif;"> The building blocks of lipid **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, sans-serif;"> functional group- carboxyl group (COOH) **
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, sans-serif;"> foods high in fat- potato chips (snack foods), oils, peanut butter, fried food **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, sans-serif;"> **generally, animal fat is bad fat, plant fat is a healthy fat unless used excessively**
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; background: white; color: #cccc00; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, sans-serif;"> **Healthiest fats to unhealthiest**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, sans-serif;"> **1). unsaturated**
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 2). saturated **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, sans-serif;"> **3). polysaturated**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, sans-serif;"> **4). trans fat**
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #cccc00; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> **<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-size: 120%; color: #0c0d0d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, sans-serif;"> b). Steroids  **
 * <span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, sans-serif;">**4 fused carbon rings with different functional groups**
 * <span style="color: #0a0a0a; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, sans-serif;">**ex) cholesterol**
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #cccc00; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="color: #0d0d0c; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, sans-serif;">**wax- long fatty acid chain joined to an alchoholic molecule**

<span style="font-size: 150%; color: #ff00cd; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">Nucleic Acid <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 130%; color: #8e2f8a; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: lime; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-size: 130%; color: #902c8c; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">large, complex organic molecule
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: lime; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: lime; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="color: #902c8c; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">  <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"><span style="color: #8e2f8a; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">stores important information for the cell
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: lime; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: lime; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="color: #100f0f; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">  <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">**ex). DNA= deoxyribonucleic acid- contains info essential for cell activities**
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: lime; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">**<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: lime; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="color: #100f0f; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">  *has three part     **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: lime; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="color: #100f0f; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">      <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">**<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: lime; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="color: #100f0f; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">   1). phosphate group     **
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">**<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: lime; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="color: #100f0f; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">  2). sugar     **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: lime; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: lime; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="color: #100f0f; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">  <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">**3). nitrogenous base (A)**
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: lime; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 130%; color: #7b2373; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">a). RNA
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: lime; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">**<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: lime; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #0e0c0c; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">ribonucleic acid  **
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">**<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: lime; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #0e0c0c; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">stores and transfers info for making proteins  **

<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #990033; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">- the non-hydrocarbon part of the molecule <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #990033; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">- clusters of atoms that influence the properties of the molecules they compose. <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #990033; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-amino group= -NH2 (+COOH=protein) <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #990033; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-Hydroxyl group= -OH (Alcohol) <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #990033; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -Carboxyl group= -COOH (fatty acid)
 * FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: #e90c0c; font-family: 'Lucida Console', Monaco, monospace;">PROPERTIES OF CARBON <span style="font-size: 80%; color: #e60a0a; font-family: 'Lucida Console', Monaco, monospace;">
 * <span style="font-size: 80%; color: #e60a0a; font-family: 'Lucida Console', Monaco, monospace;">An element's properties are determined by the electrons in the outermost shell
 * <span style="font-size: 80%; color: #e60a0a; font-family: 'Lucida Console', Monaco, monospace;">Carbon based molecules are organic compounds
 * <span style="font-size: 80%; color: #e60a0a; font-family: 'Lucida Console', Monaco, monospace;">four covalent bonds
 * <span style="font-size: 80%; color: #e60a0a; font-family: 'Lucida Console', Monaco, monospace;">have four valence electrons in a shell that holds eight**

<span style="font-size: 80%; color: #e60a0a; font-family: 'Lucida Console', Monaco, monospace;">Pictures Carbon molecule- Amino Acids

Click on the Hyperlink to see an animation

http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_concepts_5/media/assets/interactivemedia/activityshared/ActivityLoader.html?eb1e&03&01&3A%20Diversity%20of%20Carbon-Based%20Molecules <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="color: #0d0d0c; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Helvetica, sans-serif;"> =<span style="font-size: 150%; color: #d723a2; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> =